Biomarkers in Precision Medicine
Biomarkers are molecular indicators that help predict which patients will respond to specific treatments. They enable precision medicine by matching the right drug to the right patient based on their tumor's genetic profile.
What are biomarkers?
Biomarkers are measurable characteristics (genes, proteins, or other molecules) that indicate whether a patient is likely to benefit from a particular treatment. In oncology, biomarker testing helps identify targeted therapies that work by attacking specific cancer cell vulnerabilities.
Predictive
Predicts response to therapy
Prognostic
Indicates disease outcome
Diagnostic
Helps identify cancer type
98
Unique Biomarkers
23
Major Biomarkers (4+ drugs)
326
Drug-Biomarker Pairs
294
Indications Covered
Most Common Biomarkers (4+ drugs)
ER (Estrogen Receptor)
27 drugs Vasomotor Symptoms, Osteoporosis...
ACTIVELLA, ANGELIQ, BIJUVA +24 more
TNF-alpha
20 drugs Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis...
ABRILADA, AMJEVITA, AVSOLA +17 more
HER2
20 drugs Breast Cancer, Gastric Cancer...
BIZENGRI, GILOTRIF, HERCEPTIN +17 more
VEGF
17 drugs Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Macular Edema...
ALYMSYS, AVASTIN, BEOVU +14 more
RET
12 drugs Metastatic RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer, Advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer...
ALECENSA, CABOMETYX, CAPRELSA +9 more
ROS1
11 drugs ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults, NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors in adult and pediatric patients older than 1 month...
ALUNBRIG, AUGTYRO, CABOMETYX +8 more
EGFR
11 drugs Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer...
ALUNBRIG, CAPRELSA, ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE +8 more
FLT3
10 drugs Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Metastatic RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer...
GAVRETO, ICLUSIG, INREBIC +7 more
EGFR-
8 drugs Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma...
ALIMTA, KEYTRUDA, LIBTAYO +5 more
NTRK
8 drugs Solid tumors with a neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) gene fusion without a known acquired resistance mutation, Metastatic solid tumors with NTRK gene fusion...
AUGTYRO, GAVRETO, IBTROZI +5 more
FGFR
8 drugs Renal Cell Carcinoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma...
BALVERSA, GAVRETO, ICLUSIG +5 more
MET
8 drugs Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Medullary Thyroid Cancer...
CABOMETYX, COMETRIQ, EMRELIS +5 more
BCR-ABL
7 drugs Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia...
BOSULIF, DANZITEN, DASATINIB +4 more
ALK-
7 drugs Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma...
ALIMTA, LIBTAYO, OPDIVO QVANTIG +4 more
ALK
7 drugs ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults, NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors in adult and pediatric patients older than 1 month...
ALECENSA, ALUNBRIG, ENSACOVE +4 more
AR (Androgen Receptor)
7 drugs Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer...
APALUTAMIDE, CASODEX, ERLEADA +4 more
PD-1
7 drugs Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal, Merkel Cell Carcinoma...
JEMPERLI, KEYTRUDA QLEX, LOQTORZI +4 more
BRAF
6 drugs Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Hepatocellular Carcinoma...
NEXAVAR, OJEMDA, QINLOCK +3 more
BTK
5 drugs Previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma in patients ineligible for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (in combination with bendamustine and rituximab), Mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy...
CALQUENCE, IMBRUVICA, JAYPIRCA +2 more
PR (Progesterone Receptor)
5 drugs Hyperglycemia, Hypercortisolism...
KORLYM, MIFEPREX, MIFEPRISTONE +2 more
PD-L1 ≥1%
4 drugs Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer...
OPDIVO, OPDIVO QVANTIG, TECENTRIQ +1 more
dMMR
4 drugs Renal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma...
KEYTRUDA, OPDIVO, OPDIVO QVANTIG +1 more
HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL
4 drugs HIV-1 Infection, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
COMPLERA, EDURANT, EMTRICITABINE, RILPIVIRINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE +1 more
Other Biomarkers (2-3 drugs)
BRAF V600E mutation 3
ERBITUX, MEKINIST
HER2+ 3
CAPECITABINE, ENHERTU
CDK4/6 3
COSELA, IBRANCE
Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria 3
AUGMENTIN '125', AUGMENTIN '250'
endogenous serum erythropoietin ≤ 500 mUnits/mL 2
EPOGEN/PROCRIT, RETACRIT
PDGFR gene re-arrangement 2
IMATINIB MESYLATE, IMKELDI
Kit (CD117) positive 2
IMATINIB MESYLATE, IMKELDI
PIK3CA 2
PIQRAY, VIJOICE
EGFR exon 19 deletions 2
RYBREVANT, TAGRISSO
EGFR exon 21 L858R substitution mutation 2
RYBREVANT, RYBREVANT FASPRO
IDH1 2
REZLIDHIA, VORANIGO
Hormone Receptor-Positive 2
AFINITOR, EVEROLIMUS
HER2-Negative 2
AFINITOR, EVEROLIMUS
BRAF V600 mutation 2
TECENTRIQ, TECENTRIQ HYBREZA
VEGFR 2
CAPRELSA, ICLUSIG
EGFR genomic tumor aberrations negative 2
AXTLE, TECENTRIQ HYBREZA
ALK genomic tumor aberrations negative 2
AXTLE, TECENTRIQ HYBREZA
MSI-H 2
OPDIVO, YERVOY
PD-L1 2
BAVENCIO, UNLOXCYT
IDH2 2
IDHIFA, VORANIGO
eosinophilic phenotype 2
DUPIXENT, NUCALA
HR+ 2
ENHERTU, VERZENIO
HER2- 2
KEYTRUDA, VERZENIO
KRAS G12C mutation 2
KRAZATI, LUMAKRAS
All Biomarkers
| Biomarker | Drugs | Indications |
|---|---|---|
| ER (Estrogen Receptor) | 27 | Vasomotor Symptoms, Osteoporosis, Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy... |
| TNF-alpha | 20 | Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis... |
| HER2 | 20 | Breast Cancer, Gastric Cancer, Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma... |
| VEGF | 17 | Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Macular Edema, Retinal Vein Occlusion... |
| RET | 12 | Metastatic RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer, Advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor... |
| ROS1 | 11 | ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults, NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors in adult and pediatric patients older than 1 month, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| EGFR | 11 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer... |
| FLT3 | 10 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Metastatic RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer, Advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer... |
| EGFR- | 8 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| NTRK | 8 | Solid tumors with a neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) gene fusion without a known acquired resistance mutation, Metastatic solid tumors with NTRK gene fusion, Solid tumors with NTRK gene fusion where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity... |
| FGFR | 8 | Renal Cell Carcinoma, Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis... |
| MET | 8 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma... |
| BCR-ABL | 7 | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia |
| ALK- | 7 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| ALK | 7 | ROS1-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adults, NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors in adult and pediatric patients older than 1 month, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| AR (Androgen Receptor) | 7 | Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer, Non-Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer... |
| PD-1 | 7 | Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Canal, Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Esophageal Cancer... |
| BRAF | 6 | Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma... |
| BTK | 5 | Previously untreated mantle cell lymphoma in patients ineligible for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (in combination with bendamustine and rituximab), Mantle cell lymphoma in patients who have received at least one prior therapy, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia... |
| PR (Progesterone Receptor) | 5 | Hyperglycemia, Hypercortisolism, Cushing's Syndrome... |
| PD-L1 ≥1% | 4 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| dMMR | 4 | Renal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL | 4 | HIV-1 Infection, Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| BRAF V600E mutation | 3 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer... |
| HER2+ | 3 | Colorectal Cancer, Colon Cancer, Rectal Cancer... |
| CDK4/6 | 3 | Myelosuppression, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer... |
| Beta-lactamase-producing bacteria | 3 | Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Acute Bacterial Otitis Media, Sinusitis... |
| endogenous serum erythropoietin ≤ 500 mUnits/mL | 2 | Anemia, Chronic Kidney Disease, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection... |
| PDGFR gene re-arrangement | 2 | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases... |
| Kit (CD117) positive | 2 | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases... |
| PIK3CA | 2 | Breast Cancer, PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum |
| EGFR exon 19 deletions | 2 | First-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations (in combination with lazertinib), Locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations that has progressed on or after treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed), First-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations (in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed)... |
| EGFR exon 21 L858R substitution mutation | 2 | First-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations (in combination with lazertinib), Locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R substitution mutations that has progressed on or after treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed), First-line treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations (in combination with carboplatin and pemetrexed)... |
| IDH1 | 2 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma |
| Hormone Receptor-Positive | 2 | Breast Cancer, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Renal Cell Carcinoma... |
| HER2-Negative | 2 | Breast Cancer, Neuroendocrine Tumors, Renal Cell Carcinoma... |
| BRAF V600 mutation | 2 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| VEGFR | 2 | Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia |
| EGFR genomic tumor aberrations negative | 2 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| ALK genomic tumor aberrations negative | 2 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| MSI-H | 2 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| PD-L1 | 2 | Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older, Maintenance treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma that has not progressed with first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy, Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with disease progression during or following platinum-containing chemotherapy... |
| IDH2 | 2 | Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Acute Myeloid Leukemia |
| eosinophilic phenotype | 2 | Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease... |
| HR+ | 2 | Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-positive, early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence, Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer as initial endocrine-based therapy, Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy... |
| HER2- | 2 | Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, node-positive, early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence, Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer as initial endocrine-based therapy, Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy... |
| KRAS G12C mutation | 2 | KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer... |
| hsCRP ≥2 mg/L | 1 | Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia... |
| IgE-mediated | 1 | Asthma, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Nasal Polyps... |
| hemoglobin > 10 to ≤ 13 g/dL | 1 | Anemia, Chronic Kidney Disease, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |
| Mismatch Repair Proficient (pMMR) | 1 | Locally recurrent or metastatic, progressive, radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, Advanced renal cell carcinoma (first-line, in combination with pembrolizumab), Advanced renal cell carcinoma following one prior anti-angiogenic therapy (in combination with everolimus)... |
| not Microsatellite Instability-High (not MSI-H) | 1 | Locally recurrent or metastatic, progressive, radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer, Advanced renal cell carcinoma (first-line, in combination with pembrolizumab), Advanced renal cell carcinoma following one prior anti-angiogenic therapy (in combination with everolimus)... |
| Factor VIII coagulant activity >5% | 1 | Central Diabetes Insipidus, Polyuria, Polydipsia... |
| Factor VIII levels >5% | 1 | Central Diabetes Insipidus, Polyuria, Polydipsia... |
| PDGFRA exon 18 mutation | 1 | Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis, Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis... |
| EGFR mutation negative | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Biliary Tract Cancer... |
| ALK rearrangement negative | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Biliary Tract Cancer... |
| Mismatch Repair Deficient (dMMR) | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Biliary Tract Cancer... |
| microscopic evidence of pseudohyphae and/or budding yeast | 1 | Diaper Dermatitis, Candidiasis |
| PD-L1 TC ≥50% or IC ≥10% | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| ctDNA MRD+ | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer |
| EGFR exon 21 L858R mutations | 1 | Adjuvant therapy after tumor resection in adult patients with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Locally advanced, unresectable (stage III) EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive NSCLC that has not progressed during or following platinum-based chemoradiation therapy, First-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive NSCLC... |
| EGFR T790M mutation | 1 | Adjuvant therapy after tumor resection in adult patients with EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Locally advanced, unresectable (stage III) EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive NSCLC that has not progressed during or following platinum-based chemoradiation therapy, First-line treatment of adult patients with metastatic EGFR exon 19 deletions or exon 21 L858R mutation-positive NSCLC... |
| HIV-1 RNA ≤ 100,000 copies/mL | 1 | HIV-1 Infection |
| HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL | 1 | HIV-1 Infection |
| EGFR mutation-negative | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| ALK rearrangement-negative | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| β-lactamase–negative bacteria | 1 | Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections, Genitourinary Tract Infections, Skin and Skin Structure Infections... |
| RAS wild-type | 1 | Metastatic Colorectal Cancer |
| NRAS wild-type | 1 | Metastatic Colorectal Cancer |
| KRAS G12C | 1 | Metastatic Colorectal Cancer |
| HIV-1 negative | 1 | HIV-1 Infection |
| RET gene fusion | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Thyroid Cancer... |
| RET mutation | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Medullary Thyroid Cancer, Thyroid Cancer... |
| PD-L1 TPS ≥50% | 1 | Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Adjuvant treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at high risk of recurrence after surgery and radiation... |
| ROS1- | 1 | Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Adjuvant treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at high risk of recurrence after surgery and radiation... |
| PD-L1 expression ≥ 1% | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| PD-L1 TC ≥ 50% or IC ≥ 10% | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| circulating tumor DNA molecular residual disease positive | 1 | Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma... |
| EGFR exon 19 deletion | 1 | Gastric Cancer, Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| AFP ≥400 ng/mL | 1 | Gastric Cancer, Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer... |
| K-Ras wild-type | 1 | Head and Neck Cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Colorectal Cancer... |
| EGFR-expressing | 1 | Head and Neck Cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck, Colorectal Cancer... |
| albuminuria >300 mg/day | 1 | Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease... |
| IDH1 mutation | 1 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Cholangiocarcinoma |
| HER2-low | 1 | Unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-low or HER2-ultralow breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer... |
| HER2-ultralow | 1 | Unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-low or HER2-ultralow breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer... |
| HER2 mutation | 1 | Unresectable or metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-low or HER2-ultralow breast cancer, Unresectable or metastatic HER2-low breast cancer... |
| PD-L1 TPS ≥1% | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| PD-L1 CPS ≥1 | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| PD-L1 CPS ≥10 | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| pMMR | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| TMB-H ≥10 mut/Mb | 1 | Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma... |
| HIV-1 RNA ≤100,000 copies/mL | 1 | HIV-1 Infection |
| NFS ≤ 1 | 1 | Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy |
| gadolinium enhancement on brain MRI | 1 | Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy |
| Loes score 0.5-9 | 1 | Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy |